نویسندگان:

¹پژوهشکده زن و خانواده

چکیده فارسی: نظام ارزشی یکی از ارکان ضروری است که بنای خانواده بر آن پابرجاست. این نظام ارزشی به تنظیم رفتار اعضا و روابط درون و بیرون خانواده می‌پردازد؛ درحالی‌که در جهان مدرن و پسامدرن، ارزش‌های اخلاقی به‌شدت و باسرعت دستخوش دگرش و دگرسانی شده و با ناپایداری روبه‌روست. خانواده برای حفظ پایداری و انسجام خود می‌کوشد ارزش‌های خود را نگه دارد و در برابر شکستن قوانین خانواده مقاومت کند. این پژوهش با تکیه بر رویکرد سیستمی به خانواده، در صدد کشف و ارائۀ شاخص‌هایی برای تفکیک مقاومت سالم و کارآمد از مقاومت ناسالم و آسیب‌زاست. براین‌اساس خانواده نه به عنوان مجموعه‌ای از افراد، بلکه به عنوان یک سیستم یکپارچه، تحلیل و واکاوی می‌شود. این پژوهش با بهره‌گیری از روش توصیفی - تحلیلی صورت گرفته است. با توجه به فقر و فقدان ادبیات علمی در این زمینه، پس از مطالعۀ منابع اصلی و پژوهش‌های انجام‌شده حول نقاط مشترک مفهوم مقاومت اخلاقی و نظریۀ سیستم خانواده، شاخص‌های هشت‌گانه برای مقاومت آسیب‌زا ارائه شده است. این شاخص‌ها عبارت‌اند از: مقاومت خودشیفته‌وار، استبدادورزی، بیش‌کنترل‌گری، خشکی یا ابهام مرزها، فقدان تمایز، صمیمیت مخدوش، رفتار تنظیم‌گر و نشانه‌ای و نقص مزمن کارکردهای خانواده. جهت‌گیری این پژوهش به جای تمرکز بر درونداد یعنی محتوای ارزشی ناسازگار یا خروجی یعنی پاسخ‌های نهایی، تمرکز بر سازوکار کنترل حاکم بر تجزیه‌وتحلیل اطلاعات یعنی بر فرایند مقاومت در خانواده است. نتیجه اینکه سازوکارهای معیوب و ناسالم توانایی مضمحل کردن و ستردن والاترین ارزش‌های اخلاقی و الهی را دارند؛ به این معنا که تلاش برای انتقال ارزش‌ها چنانچه با ابزار و افزار آسیب‌زا و طی فرایندهایی معیوب روی دهد، به کژراهه می‌رود یا سطحی نازل از نظام ارزشی در فرد شکل خواهد داد و یا به دگرسانی ارزش به ضدارزش و درنهایت ارزش‌ستیزی از سوی اعضای خانواده خواهد انجامید.

Pathological Family Resistance: The Transmission of Values at the cost of creating pathology

English Abstract: The value system is one of the fundamental pillars upon which the family structure is built. The values and rules that shape family dynamics regulate both internal and external interactions. In the modern and postmodern world, moral values have undergone rapid and profound transformations, leading to instability. In response, families strive to maintain their stability and cohesion by preserving their values and resisting changes that may disrupt established family norms. The formation of a structured value system is both a necessity and a fundamental responsibility of the family. This study adopts a systemic approach, which conceptualizes the family as an integrated system governed by implicit and explicit rules that regulate relationships. According to systems theory, the family is a rule-based entity where these unwritten laws shape interactions among members (Satir, 1972). This research aims to identify and differentiate healthy and functional resistance from pathological and maladaptive resistance in families. The systemic perspective is particularly useful for analyzing family resistance for several reasons. First, it considers the entire family as the unit of analysis, rather than focusing solely on individual members. This gestalt-based and holistic approach views the family as an organic whole, greater than the sum of its members (Cox & Paley, 1997). Second, it shifts the focus from individual blame to systemic dysfunction, recognizing that ineffective resistance stems from systemic failure rather than personal shortcomings. Methodology: Utilizing a descriptive-analytical research method, this study identifies eight markers of pathological resistance by reviewing key literature on moral resistance and family systems theory. Findings: These markers include: Narcissistic Resistance Pathological resistance emerges when the values of a single dominant member, often a parent, override the collective values of the family. In narcissistic resistance, the dominant figure imposes personal beliefs while disregarding the individual perspectives of other family members. This authoritarian dynamic fosters an environment of emotional suppression and discourages open dialogue. Narcissistic parents often manipulate others to conform to their ideals, leading to rigid enforcement of values that serve self-interest rather than collective well-being. Authoritarianism Authoritarian resistance is characterized by rigid control, suppression of autonomy, and punitive enforcement of values. Parents or dominant members establish strict, non-negotiable rules that dictate behavior, leaving no room for personal growth or independent moral reasoning. Adolescents raised in such environments often experience psychological reactance, where they reject imposed values out of defiance. This pattern can lead to either blind conformity or outright rebellion, both of which undermine the intended goal of value transmission. Over-Control and Excessive Regulation A hallmark of pathological resistance is excessive parental control, where every aspect of a child’s behavior is closely monitored and dictated. Over-control leads to dependency, anxiety, and impaired decision-making skills in children, who may struggle to form an independent moral compass. Overly restrictive environments also increase the likelihood of covert rebellion, as individuals seek to reclaim autonomy in secretive or oppositional ways. Rigid or Ambiguous Boundaries Family systems operate within boundaries that define the limits of personal space, autonomy, and emotional closeness. Dysfunctional families exhibit either overly rigid or ambiguous boundaries. Rigid boundaries create emotional detachment, preventing meaningful connections and support among members. In contrast, ambiguous boundaries lead to enmeshment, where personal identities become blurred, and individuals struggle with autonomy. Both extremes hinder the ability to internalize values in a balanced and meaningful way. Lack of Differentiation Differentiation refers to an individual’s ability to maintain a distinct identity while remaining emotionally connected to the family. Low differentiation results in individuals who either conform blindly or reject family values entirely. Poorly differentiated individuals may experience heightened emotional reactivity, making them susceptible to external influences rather than independent moral reasoning. The inability to separate personal beliefs from familial expectations often leads to identity crises and instability. Distorted Intimacy Healthy families foster emotional closeness and open communication, which are essential for transmitting values effectively. However, in pathological resistance, intimacy is distorted—either through excessive emotional distance or forced closeness. Cold and detached relationships prevent meaningful moral guidance, while forced intimacy creates resentment and a lack of genuine connection. These environments make it difficult for individuals to engage in authentic moral development. Regulatory and Symptomatic Behavior In dysfunctional families, symptomatic behaviors—such as psychosomatic illnesses, depression, or behavioral disorders—often serve as unconscious regulatory mechanisms to maintain homeostasis. For example, a child may develop anxiety as a way to divert attention from marital conflicts or enforce compliance within the family system. This dynamic prevents real value integration and shifts the focus from moral education to crisis management. Chronic Dysfunction and Role Failure A healthy family system fulfills essential roles, including emotional support, conflict resolution, and socialization. Pathological resistance undermines these roles, creating an environment where dysfunction becomes chronic. Instead of adapting constructively to challenges, the family system reinforces ineffective coping mechanisms, making it harder for individuals to develop independent ethical reasoning and resilience. Conclusion Rather than focusing on what values are being resisted or transmitted, this study emphasizes how the mechanisms of resistance operate within families. Maladaptive resistance strategies can ultimately erode moral and ethical values, leading to their superficial adoption, transformation into counter-values, or outright rejection. If the transmission of values relies on coercion, emotional suppression, and flawed systemic processes, it may lead to rigid adherence without deep moral conviction or provoke oppositional behavior and value resistance. In extreme cases, the cost of maintaining moral values in an unhealthy manner can be severe, including deterioration of family members' well-being and even family breakdown. Thus, resistance to change can be healthy or unhealthy, depending on the mechanisms employed. The presence of these dysfunctional markers distinguishes authentic moral resistance from pseudo-resistance, which merely serves to justify narcissism, authoritarian control, and avoidance of ethical responsibility.