نویسندگان:
آیدا قسیمی1 ، شهرام واحدی2 ، علی ایمان زاده3 .1کارشناسی ارشد دانشکدۀ علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، گروه علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران
2استاد گروه روانشناسی تربیتی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران
3دانشیار، دانشکدۀ علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، گروه علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران.
چکیده فارسی: پژوهش حاضر باهدف بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر رفتارهای خودآسیبرسانی دختران نوجوان شهر تبریز انجام شد. روش پژوهش به لحاظ هدف کاربردی و به لحاظ شیوۀ گردآوری اطلاعات کیفی و از نوع پدیدارشناسی بود. نمونه شامل ۱۵ نفر از دانشآموزان دختر دبیرستانهای نواحی پنجگانۀ تبریز بهصورت هدفمند انتخاب شدند. برای گردآوری دادهها از مصاحبۀ نیمهساختاریافته و برای تحلیل دادهها از روش کلایزی استفاده گردید. تحلیل اطلاعات حاصل از مصاحبهها در مورد عوامل مؤثر بر رفتارهای خودآسیبرسان در سه دسته عوامل فردی، محیطی و روانشناختی دستهبندی گردید که شامل هفت درونمایۀ اصلی و هجده درونمایۀ فرعی است. طبق یافتههای پژوهش نوجوانان خودجرحی را در نقش یک پیام اجتماعی مؤثر برای رهایی از تعارضهای بینفردی و درونفردی ادراک میکنند. بر اساس یافتهها میتوان نتیجه گرفت که خودآسیبرسانی با هدف تنظیم آشفتگی هیجانی انجام میشود و چون بهقدری شدت میل به انجام عملی برای رهایی از فشارهای هیجانهای ناخوشایند برای نوجوانان بالاست نمیتوانند از راهحلهای دیگری بهعنوان مهارت تنظیم هیجان استفاده کنند و ازآنجاییکه یادگیری کنترل تکانه و مدیریت هیجانها در خانواده شکل میگیرد؛ بنابراین پیشنهاد میشود آموزشهای لازم از محیط خانواده شروع شود.
Factors Affecting Self-Harming Behaviors of Adolescent Girls: A Phenomenological Study
English Abstract: This study was conducted to identify factors affecting self-harming behaviors of adolescent girls in Tabriz through a qualitative phenomenological approach. The statistical sample included 15 high school female students in Tabriz. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews using Smith's analysis method. Data analysis led to the emergence of personal, environmental and psychological factors with 11 main categories and 30 subcategories. Accordingly, adolescents perceive self-injury as a social message to protest and a way to alleviate interpersonal and intrapersonal conflicts. Therefore, based on our finding, it can be concluded that self-harm aims to regulate emotional turmoil because adolescents are so pressed to rid themselves of the pressure of unpleasant emotions that they cannot use other solutions such as emotion regulation skills. Furthermore, because role modeling is formed in the family, it is suggested that families receive the necessary training to reduce the possibility of self-harming behavior in adolescents. Introduction Self-harming and suicidal behaviors among adolescents are a concern in all societies. Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is direct and intentional harm to an individual’s own body without the intent to die and is a strong predictor of future suicidal behavior. NNSI may occur at any age, but the frequency of such behaviors is higher during adolescence than in other periods of development (Brown and Planner, 2017). The rate of self-harm (from childhood to adolescence) increases with age and reaches 14%-24% in adolescents while it is reported as about 6% in adults per annum (Klonsky, 2011, p. 14). According to a cross-sectional study, the prevalence rate of self-harming behaviors occurs between the ages of 13 and 15 and increases in mid-adolescence (Barukas et al., 2015). The rate of self- harming behaviors in Iran has been reported from 6.2% (Marin, 2020) to 12.3% (Gholamarzaei, 2017). Furthermore, studies indicate that self-harming behaviors are more common in girls as compared to other members of the society (Fox, 2015). Research findings about the motives of self-injurious behaviors are quite variable and some studies consider it a completely individual behavior with the motivation of alleviating internal tensions and emotional regulation (Nock, 2009). Several studies have been conducted on the causes of self-harming behaviors in Iran. For example, Mohammadi Heris (2017) confirms that social self-perception and emotion regulation play a role in predicting self-harm in adolescent girls. In summary, despite the increasing number of studies in this field in recent years and collecting a lot of data from the perspective of the third person approach about self-harming behaviors among adolescents, little concrete information is available regarding lived experiences of these people. Methodology The current applied research used a qualitative phenomenological approach. The statistical population included female junior high school students with a mean age of 13-18 years from five districts of Tabriz city, who had a history of self-injury. The participants were selected purposively, and sampling continued until data saturation (Maison, 2010). This goal was achieved by conducting 15 semi-structured in-depth interviews. The Colaizzi's descriptive phenomenological method was used to analyze the findings in accordance with the process discussed by Morrow, Rodriguez and King (2015). To check the validity of the findings, the transcripts were given to a number of participants to confirm the interpretation of the results. In cases where there was a discrepancy, the individual was asked questions again and the final results were presented back to them. Furthermore, the researcher was engaged for a relatively long time with the details of the interviews and analysis of contradictory cases to increase credibility, along with other measures. In order to check the reliability, transcripts of the interviews were given in raw format to an external observer expert in qualitative methods to check the similarity of the themes. He coded the findings according to his opinion. Inter-rater agreement between the researcher and the observer was 80%. In cases where there was a difference in opinion, the data were reviewed and analyzed again to reach an agreement. Results During this research, the factors affecting self-harming behaviors were identified in three categories: Individual, environmental and psychological with 11 main categories and 30 subcategories extracted from the conceptual codes obtained from the interviews. Individual factors include experiences and individual characteristics that influence self-harm. During the process of self-harm, each person is affected by individual factors that include three main themes: a) experiencing intense negative emotions and feelings, b) lack of problem-solving skills and c) failure to use counseling. Environmental factors include cases in which the adolescent commits self-harm under the influence of others, which includes conflicts related to friends or school crises, as well as arguments in the family. Environmental factors include the main themes of "abnormal family" and "improper observational learning". Psychological factors in this research include clinical symptoms that increase the risk of self-injurious behavior. These factors include the main themes of "negative and harmful emotions" and "weakness in controlling stress". Discussion and conclusion In summary, factors effective in the self-harm of adolescents in this research were investigated from different personal, environmental and psychological aspects. Cutting and wounding parts of the body with razors and sharp objects is the predominant method of self-harm and is done with goals such as alleviating emotional pain or to show strength to peers. In addition, other goals such as expressing confusion, proving oneself, regulating emotions, and group acceptance are also considered by adolescents. According to the results of this research, it is suggested that education authorities hold short and useful workshops for emotion regulation and problem solving skills for adolescents and appropriate communication between parents and children for families. Currently, most of the studies conducted are based on self-report questionnaires, so it is suggested to use projection techniques to investigate the quality and phenomenology of the experience of self-harm and to confront people with images that have clues related to self-harm and ask them to make associations. Furthermore, it is recommended that further research examine whether self-injury in adolescence can turn into borderline personality disorder in adulthood or remains as an independent syndrome through structured clinical interviews. Considering that this research was conducted on adolescent girls, it cannot be generalized to boys and older age groups.