نویسندگان:

مژده معصومی¹ ، یاسمن نوروزی² ، مختار عارفی³ .

¹دانشجوی دکتری تخصصی ،گروه روانشناسی، واحد کرمانشاه ، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی ، کرمانشاه، ایران.

²دانشجوی دکتری تخصصی ،گروه روانشناسی، واحد کرمانشاه ، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی ، کرمانشاه، ایران.

³دانشیار، گروه روانشناسی، واحد کرمانشاه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرمانشاه، ایران.

چکیده فارسی: هدف این پژوهش بررسی تأثیر انسجام خانوادگی و الگوی ارتباطات خانواده بر رفتار قلدری نوجوانان دختر با تأکید بر نقش میانجی سبک‌های فرزندپروری ادراک‌شده بود. جامعۀ آماری شامل 384 نفر از دانش‌آموزان دختر 13 تا 17 ساله در سال 1403 بودند که به روش نمونه‌گیری در دسترس انتخاب شدند. یافته‏های پژوهش با استفاده از مدل‏یابی معادلات ساختاری به‌دست آمدند. ابزار اندازه‌گیری شامل پرسشنامۀ انسجام محیط خانوادگی موس (2009)، پرسشنامۀ الگوی ارتباطات خانواده ریچی و فیتزپاتریک (1990)، پرسشنامۀ قلدری ایلی نویز (2001) و مقیاس فرزندپروری ادراک شده گرولینک(1997) بود. نتایج تحلیل مسیر نشان داد که انسجام خانوادگی و الگوی ارتباطات خانواده به‌طور مستقیم تأثیر منفی و معناداری بر رفتار قلدری دارند. از سوی دیگر، یافته‌ها نشان داد سبک‌های فرزندپروری ادراک‌شده نقش میانجی معناداری در رابطۀ بین متغیرهای خانوادگی و رفتار قلدری ایفا می‌کند. بر اساس یافته‌های پژوهش پیشنهاد می‌شود برای تعمیم بهتر این مسئله بر روی نمونه پسران نیز صورت پذیرد.

کلمات کلیدی: قلدری ، انسجام خانوادگی ، سبک فرزند پروری ادراک‌شده ، الگوی ارتباطات خانواده .

The Relationship of Family Cohesion and Family Communication Patterns with Bullying Behavior in Adolescent Girls: Mediating Role of Perceived Parenting Styles

English Abstract: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of family cohesion and family communication patterns on bullying behavior in adolescent girls, with an emphasis on the mediating role of perceived parenting styles. The statistical population included 384 female students aged 13 to 17 years in the academic year 2024-2025, selected through convenience sampling. The research findings were obtained using structural equation modeling (SEM). The measurement tools included the Family Environment Scale - Cohesion Subscale by Moos (2009), the Family Communication Patterns Questionnaire by Ritchie and Fitzpatrick (1990), the Illinois Bully Scale (2001), and the Perceived Parenting Styles Scale by Grolnick (1997). Path analysis results indicated that family cohesion and communication patterns had a significant negative direct effect on bullying behavior. Moreover, the findings showed that perceived parenting styles significantly mediated the relationship between family-related variables and bullying behavior. Based on the results, it is recommended that further studies include male samples to enhance the generalizability of the findings. Introduction Bullying is a significant risk factor for the physical and mental health of adolescents (Tang et al., 2020). It includes a range of behaviors such as verbal abuse, physical aggression, psychological exclusion, and cyberbullying (Nocentini & Menesini, 2016; Acosta et al., 2019). Research shows that girls are more likely to engage in indirect and relational forms of bullying (Liu & Graves, 2011). Despite extensive studies over four decades (Zych et al., 2017), bullying remains a pervasive global issue requiring continuous empirical investigation (Gaffney et al., 2019). Family dynamics play a central role in this context. Family cohesion—defined as emotional bonding and support among family members—is critical for the emotional development of children (Booker et al., 2016; Zhou et al., 2023). Studies suggest that lower family cohesion is associated with higher involvement in bullying behaviors (Murray-Harvey & Slee, 2010; Cassidy, 2009). Family communication patterns also impact the psychological and behavioral adjustment of adolescents (Moradi & Cheraghi, 2014). These patterns reflect shared family schemas about intimacy, openness, conformity, and support (Koerner & Fitzpatrick, 2002; Vangelisti, 2013). Another key factor is the parenting styles, especially as perceived by children. Authoritative parenting is linked to better developmental outcomes (Baumrind, 1991; Wang et al., 2020). In contrast, authoritarian and permissive styles are associated with higher rates of aggression and antisocial behavior (Kuppens & Ceulemans, 2019; Gómez-Ortiz et al., 2016). According to Grolnick, Deci, and Ryan (1997), perceived parenting includes dimensions of autonomy support, involvement, and warmth, which shape a child’s self-regulation. This study investigates how family cohesion and family communication patterns influence bullying behavior in adolescent girls, with a focus on the mediating role of perceived parenting styles. Methodology This study used a correlational survey design. The statistical population included 384 adolescent girls aged 13 to 17 years in Kermanshah city, selected by convenience sampling. The following tools were used: Family Environment Cohesion Scale (Moos & Moos, 2009), Family Communication Patterns Scale (Ritchie & Fitzpatrick, 1990), Illinois Bully Scale (Espelage & Holt, 2013),  and Perceived Parenting Styles Scale (Grolnick et al., 1997). Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with SmartPLS software. Validity and reliability were evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha, Composite Reliability (CR), Average Variance Extracted (AVE), and Fornell–Larcker criteria (Fornell & Larcker, 1981). Goodness-of-Fit (GOF) was calculated as a global model fit index (Wetzels et al., 2009). Results Descriptive analysis showed moderate levels of bullying behavior among the participants. Family cohesion was relatively high, and perceived parenting styles indicated considerable parental involvement and autonomy support. Path analysis findings showed that family cohesion had a significant negative direct effect on bullying (β = -0.485, T = 2.150). Family communication patterns also negatively affected bullying (β = -0.490, T = 34.550). Perceived parenting styles had a negative direct effect on bullying (β = -0.412, T = 18.212). Family cohesion positively influenced perceived parenting (β = 0.563, T = 23.558). Communication patterns also positively influenced parenting (β = 0.602, T = 26.222). The following significant indirect effects were observed: Family cohesion → Parenting → Bullying (β = -0.716, T = 14.093) Communication patterns → Parenting → Bullying (β = -0.733, T = 9.184) The GOF index of 0.509 indicated a strong model fit (Wetzels et al., 2009). Discussion and conclusion Findings confirm the protective roles of family cohesion and healthy communication in reducing bullying behavior, consistent with Hirschi’s Social Bond Theory (Hirschi, 1969). These results also support prior studies (Espelage et al., 2014; Olweus, 2013) linking family structure and emotional closeness with reduced aggression. The mediating role of parenting aligns with Bandura’s Social Learning Theory (Bandura, 1986), where children internalize behaviors modeled by parents. Families with high cohesion tend to use more effective parenting, particularly the authoritative style, which is linked to better emotional regulation and reduced aggression (Baumrind, 1991). The model’s strong GOF score suggests robustness and practical relevance. Interventions targeting parenting practices and communication can help prevent bullying and improve adolescent well-being. Programs such as parenting workshops, school-based family counseling, and emotional literacy training may be beneficial. Limitations include self-report bias and the geographically limited, all-female sample. Future research should examine diverse samples and consider mixed-methods approaches. In conclusion, family cohesion, communication, and effective parenting styles are essential in curbing bullying among adolescent girls. Their inclusion in school and community programs may enhance adolescent mental health and social adjustment.