نویسندگان:

شهریار درگاهی اودلو¹ ، پرویز فداکار² ، مهدی جعفری³ ، زهرا محبی⁴ .

¹گروه آموزش روانشناسی و مشاوره، دانشگاه فرهنگیان، تهران، ایران

²دکتری روانسنجی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی تهران، تهران، ایران

³کارشناسی ارشد مشاوره خانواده، گروه مشاوره، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران

⁴گروه آموزش روانشناسی و مشاوره، دانشگاه فرهنگیان، تهران، ایران

چکیده فارسی: هدف: هدف تحقیق حاضر پیش بینی هم‌نشینی با همسالان بزهکار در دانش‌آموزان بر اساس سلامت خانواده اصلی و تجارب ناگوارکودکی با نقش میانجی سرمایه‌های روانشناختی بود. روش: روش پژوهش حاضر توصیفی – همبستگی بود. جامعه آماری این تحقیق را دانش‌آموزان مقطع متوسطه دوم شهرستان پارس‌آباد در سال 1402-1403 تشکیل دادند که از میان آنها 300 نفر با استفاده از روش نمونه‌گیری خوشه ای تصادفی انتخاب شدند. برای جمع‌آوری اطلاعات از پرسشنامه‌های سلامت خانواده اصلی، مقیاس ترومای کودکی، مقیاس سرمایه‌های روانشناختی و مقیاس هم‌نشینی با همسالان بزهکار استفاده شد. داده‌های این پژوهش با استفاده از آزمون ضریب همبستگی پیرسون و روش مدل معدلات ساختاری با نرم افزار آماری SPSS22 و R-4.3.2تحلیل شدند. یافته ها: نتایج نشان داد که تجارب ناگوار کودکی دارای اثر منفی و مستقیم بر سرمایه‌های روانشناختی و دارای اثر مثبت و مستقیم بر هم‌نشینی با همسالان بزهکار بود (01/0>P). همچنین، سلامت خانواده اصلی دارای اثر مثبت و مستقیم بر سرمایه‌های روانشناختی و دارای اثر منفی و مستقیم بر هم‌نشینی با همسالان بزهکار بود (01/0>P). علاوه‌براین، یافته‌ها نشان داد که سرمایه‌های روانشناختی در رابطه بین تجارب ناگوار کودکی و سلامت خانواده اصل با هم‌نشینی با همسالان بزهکار نقش واسطه‌ای ایفاء کرد(01/0>P). لذا، با توجه به این یافته‌ها می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که هم‌نشینی با همسالان بزهکار تحت‌تاثیر متغیرهای مختلفی قرار دارد که تصمیم‌گیری درست در خصوص شناسایی پیش‌آیندهای این متغیر نیازمند انجام مطالعات بیشتر در این زمینه است.

کلمات کلیدی: سرمایه روانشناختی ، سلامت خانواده اصلی ، تجارب ناگوارکودکی ، هم‌نشینی با همسالان بزهکار .

The Causal Model of Affiliation with Delinquent Peers Based on Family-of-Origin Health and Adverse Childhood Experiences with the Mediating Role of Psychological Capital in Adolescents

English Abstract: Introduction Adolescence is associated with an increased desire for independence from family and socialization with peers. Although these interactions are essential for social development, under adverse conditions, they can put adolescents at risk of associating with delinquent peers, which is considered the strongest predictor of juvenile delinquency (Dishion & Tipsord, 2011). Studies have shown that about 20% of Iranian adolescents experience ongoing contact with delinquent peers (Mohammadi, 2021). Based on ecological systems theory and attachment theory, the roots of the tendency towards delinquent peers should be sought in the individual’s early family experiences (Anderson et al., 2022). The health of the family of origin, defined by intimacy, support, and an appropriate balance between independence and attachment, can act as a protective factor (Mostafaei et al., 2021). In contrast, adverse childhood experiences, including emotional neglect, physical and psychological abuse, cause disruption in emotional regulation and insecure attachment and increase the likelihood of a tendency towards maladaptive peer groups (Lam et al., 2024; Silva et al., 2024). Meanwhile, psychological capitals, including self-efficacy, hope, resilience, and optimism, as constructs that can be intervened and strengthened, can play an important mediating role in the relationship between early experiences and behavioral outcomes of adolescents (Luthans et al., 2007; Zhou et al., 2023). Despite the importance of the subject, few studies have examined the psychological mechanisms of this phenomenon in border areas and with relative socio-economic deprivation. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the mediating role of psychological capital in the relationship between the health of the family of origin and adverse childhood experiences with affiliation with delinquent peers in students. The main research hypothesis of the mediating role of psychological capital in these relationships was tested. Method The present study was descriptive-correlational using structural equation modeling. The statistical population included all male students in the second grade of high school in Parsabad county in the academic year 2023-2024. Considering the number of model parameters, the minimum sample size was estimated to be 210, but for greater generalizability, 300 individuals were selected using a random cluster sampling method; after removing incomplete questionnaires, 280 questionnaires were included in the analysis. Four instruments were used to collect data: the Family Health Scale of Origin (Hovestadt et al., 1985) with two dimensions of intimacy and independence (Cronbach’s alpha of 0.86), the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (Bernstein et al., 2003) with 25 items and five dimensions (Cronbach’s alpha 0.87), the Psychological Capital Questionnaire (Luthans et al., 2007) with 24 items and four components of self-efficacy, hope, resilience, and optimism (Cronbach’s alpha of 0.92), and the Association with Delinquent Peers Scale (Paschall et al., 2003) with 8 items (Cronbach’s alpha of 0.76). The data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling with the Baron and Kenny approach (Baron & Kenny, 1986) using SPSS (version 22) and R-4.3.2 software. To examine the significance of indirect effects, the bootstrap method with 2000 resamples and a 95% confidence interval was used. Findings The descriptive statistics showed that the mean age of the participants was 16.86 years with a standard deviation of 2.3. The distribution of the data was normal (skewness ranged from -0.304 to 0.226 and kurtosis ranged from -0.414 to 1.05). The correlation results showed that affiliation with delinquent peers had a positive and significant relationship with adverse childhood experiences (r = 0.63) and a negative and significant relationship with the health of the family of origin (r = 0.43) and psychological capital (r = -0.71). The results of the path analysis based on Baron and Kenny’s approach showed: 1. Adverse childhood experiences had a positive and direct effect on affiliation with delinquent peers (β = -0.15, p < .001), and the health of the family of origin had a negative and direct effect on it (β = -0.199, p < .021). 2. Adverse childhood experiences had a negative and direct effect on psychological capital (β= -0.163, p<.001), and the health of the family of origin had a positive and direct effect on psychological capital (β= 0.226, p<.001). 3. Psychological capital had a negative and direct effect on affiliation with delinquent peers (β=-0.782, p<.001). 4. In the presence of the mediator variable (i.e., psychological capital), the direct effect of adverse childhood experiences on association with delinquent peers decreased it but was still significant (β = 0.15, p < .001). In addition, the direct effect of the health of the family of origin decreased (β = -0.199, p = .021). Bootstrap results also confirmed the partial mediating role of psychological capital. Conclusion The present study aimed to examine the mediating role of psychological capital in the relationship between the health of the family of origin and adverse childhood experiences with affiliation with delinquent peers. The findings showed that psychological capital played a partial mediating role in these relationships. These results are consistent with the findings of previous studies, including Shameli et al. (2022), Zhou et al. (2023), and Asghari et al. (2015). In explaining the findings, it can be stated that adverse childhood experiences, by disrupting emotional regulation and weakening neural systems related to decision-making (Teicher et al., 2016) as well as reducing positive psychological characteristics such as self-esteem and resilience (Bethell et al., 2014), make adolescents susceptible to being attracted to delinquent peers. In contrast, the health of the family of origin, by strengthening secure attachment and providing healthy communication patterns (Mathes et al., 2020), provides the basis for the growth of psychological capital, which in turn prevents the tendency towards delinquent peers. Based on the findings, it is suggested that integrated interventions focusing on family empowerment (especially strengthening intimacy and appropriate independence), along with educational programs based on positive psychology, be designed and implemented in schools to strengthen adolescents’ psychological capital (self-efficacy, hope, resilience, and optimism). The present study included limitations, such as the use of regional sampling (Parsabad county) that limits the generalizability of the results, the cross-sectional design that did not allow causal inference, and errors due to self-reporting. It is recommended that researchers conduct longitudinal studies and use more diverse samples. Acknowledgments We would like to express our sincere gratitude to all students who participated in the research study, as well as the school officials who cooperated. Conflict of interest No conflict of interest has been declared by the authors.